Affine schemes

spec(R::MPolyRing, I::MPolyIdeal)

Construct the affine scheme of the ideal $I$ in the ring $R$. This is the spectrum of the quotient ring $R/I$.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [x]);

julia> spec(R, I)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x)

spec(R::MPolyRing, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

Given a polynomial ring $R$, we can localize that polynomial ring at a multiplicatively closed subset $U$ of $R$. The spectrum of the localized ring $U^{-1} R$ is computed by this method.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [x]);

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(I);

julia> spec(R, U)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    at complement of prime ideal (x)

spec(R::MPolyRing, I::MPolyIdeal, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

We allow to combine quotients and localizations at the same time. That is, consider a polynomial ring $R$, an ideal $I$ of $R$ and a multiplicatively closed subset $U$ of $R$. The spectrum of the localized ring $U^{-1} (R/I)$ is computed by this method.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [x]);

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(ideal(R, [y]));

julia> spec(R, I, U)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of quotient
      of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
        over rational field
      by ideal (x)
    at complement of prime ideal (y)

affine_space(kk::BRT, n::Int; variable_name::VarName="x#") where {BRT<:Ring}

The $n$-dimensional affine space over a ring $kk$ is created by this method. By default, the variable names are chosen as x1, x2 and so on. This choice can be overwritten with a third optional argument.

Examples

julia> affine_space(QQ, 5)
Affine space of dimension 5
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5]

julia> affine_space(QQ,5,variable_name="y#")
Affine space of dimension 5
  over rational field
with coordinates [y1, y2, y3, y4, y5]

affine_space(kk::BRT, var_names::AbstractVector{<:VarName}) where {BRT<:Ring}

Create the $n$-dimensional affine space over a ring $kk$, but allows more flexibility in the choice of variable names. The following example demonstrates this.

Examples

julia> affine_space(QQ, [:x, :y, :z])
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x, y, z]

julia> affine_space(QQ, ['x', 'y', 'z'])
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x, y, z]

julia> affine_space(QQ, ["x", "y", "z"])
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x, y, z]

subscheme(X::AbsAffineScheme, f::Vector{<:RingElem})

For an affine spectrum $X$ and elements $f_1$, $f_2$, etc. of the coordinate ring of $X$, this method computes the subscheme $V(f_1, f_2, \dots)$ of $X$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> subscheme(X,x1)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1)

julia> subscheme(X,[x1,x2])
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1, x2)

subscheme(X::AbsAffineScheme, I::Ideal)

For a scheme $X = Spec(R)$ and an ideal $I ⊂ 𝒪(X)$, return the closed subscheme defined by $I$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> subscheme(X,ideal(R,[x1*x2]))
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1*x2)

Base.intersect(X::AbsAffineScheme, Y::AbsAffineScheme)

This method computes the intersection to two affine schemes that reside in the same ambient affine space.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> Y1 = subscheme(X,[x1])
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1)

julia> Y2 = subscheme(X,[x2])
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x2)

julia> intersect(Y1, Y2)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1, x2)

hypersurface_complement(X::AbsAffineScheme, f::RingElem)

For a scheme $X = Spec(R)$ and an element $f ∈ R$, return the open subscheme $U = Spec(R[f⁻¹]) = X ∖ V(f)$ defined by the complement of the vanishing locus of $f$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1, x2, x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> hypersurface_complement(X, x1)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    at products of (x1)

hypersurface_complement(X::AbsAffineScheme, f::Vector{<:RingElem})

For a scheme $X = Spec(R)$ and elements $f₁, f₂, ... ∈ R$, return the open subscheme $U = Spec(R[f₁⁻¹,f₂⁻¹, ...]) = X ∖ V(f₁⋅f₂⋅…)$ defined by the complement of the vanishing locus of the product $f₁⋅f₂⋅…$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> hypersurface_complement(X,[x1,x2])
Spectrum
  of localization
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    at products of (x1, x2)

closure(X::AbsAffineScheme, Y::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the closure of $X$ in $Y$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> H = subscheme(X,ideal(R,[x1]))
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1)

julia> closure(H, X)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1)

ambient_space(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the ambient affine space of $X$.

Use ambient_embedding(::AbsAffineScheme) to obtain the embedding of $X$ in its ambient affine space.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ, [:x,:y])
Affine space of dimension 2
  over rational field
with coordinates [x, y]

julia> ambient_space(X) == X
true

julia> (x, y) = coordinates(X);

julia> Y = subscheme(X, [x])
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x)

julia> X == ambient_space(Y)
true

julia> Z = subscheme(Y, y)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x, y)

julia> ambient_space(Z) == X
true

julia> V = hypersurface_complement(Y, y)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of quotient
      of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
        over rational field
      by ideal (x)
    at products of (y)

julia> ambient_space(V) == X
true

We can create $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ also by first constructing the corresponding coordinate rings. The subset relations are inferred from the coordinate rings. More precisely, for a polynomial ring $P$ an ideal $I ⊆ P$ and a multiplicatively closed subset $U$ of $P$ let $R$ be one of $P$, $U^{-1}P$, $P/I$ or $U^{-1}(P/I)$. In each case the ambient affine space is given by Spec(P).

Examples

julia> P, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y])
(Multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ, QQMPolyRingElem[x, y])

julia> X = spec(P)
Spectrum
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
    over rational field

julia> I = ideal(P, x)
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> RmodI, quotient_map = quo(P, I);

julia> Y = spec(RmodI)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x)

julia> ambient_space(Y) == X
true

julia> J = ideal(RmodI, y);

julia> RmodJ, quotient_map2 = quo(RmodI, J);

julia> Z = spec(RmodJ)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x, y)

julia> ambient_space(Z) == X
true

julia> U = powers_of_element(y)
Multiplicative subset
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ
  given by the products of [y]

julia> URmodI, _ = localization(RmodI, U);

julia> V = spec(URmodI)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of quotient
      of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
        over rational field
      by ideal (x)
    at products of (y)

julia> ambient_space(V) == X
true

Note: compare with ==, as the same affine space could be represented internally by different objects for technical reasons.

Examples

julia> AX = ambient_space(X);

julia> AY = ambient_space(Y);

julia> AX == AY
true

julia> AX === AY
false

base_ring(M::PMat)

The PMat $M$ defines an $R$-module for some maximal order $R$. This function returns the $R$ that was used to defined $M$.

base_ring(I::MPolyIdeal)

Return the ambient ring of I.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y])
(Multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ, QQMPolyRingElem[x, y])

julia> I = ideal(R, [x, y])^2
Ideal generated by
  x^2
  x*y
  y^2

julia> base_ring(I)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
  over rational field

base_ring(X::AbsAffineScheme)

On an affine scheme $X/𝕜$ over $𝕜$ this returns the ring $𝕜$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> base_ring(X)
Rational field

codim(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the codimension of $X$ in its ambient affine space.

Throws an error if $X$ does not have an ambient affine space.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> codim(X)
0

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> Y = subscheme(X, x1)
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1)

julia> codim(Y)
1

ambient_embedding(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the embedding of $X$ in its ambient affine space.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ, [:x,:y])
Affine space of dimension 2
  over rational field
with coordinates [x, y]

julia> (x, y) = coordinates(X);

julia> Y = subscheme(X, [x])
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (x)

julia> inc = ambient_embedding(Y)
Affine scheme morphism
  from [x, y]  scheme(x)
  to   [x, y]  affine 2-space over QQ
given by the pullback function
  x -> x
  y -> y

julia> inc == inclusion_morphism(Y, X)
true

dim(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the dimension the affine scheme $X = Spec(R)$.

By definition, this is the Krull dimension of $R$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> dim(X)
3

julia> Y = affine_space(ZZ, 2)
Spectrum
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x1, x2
    over integer ring

julia> dim(Y) # one dimension comes from ZZ and two from x1 and x2
3

name(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Return the current name of an affine scheme.

This name can be specified via set_name!.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ, 3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> name(X)
"unnamed affine variety"

julia> set_name!(X, "affine 3-dimensional space")

julia> name(X)
"affine 3-dimensional space"

OO(X::AbsAffineScheme)

On an affine scheme $X = Spec(R)$, return the ring $R$.

is_open_embedding(X::AbsAffineScheme, Y::AbsAffineScheme)

Checks whether $X$ is openly embedded in $Y$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> Y = subscheme(X,ideal(R,[x1*x2]))
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1*x2)

julia> is_open_embedding(Y, X)
false

julia> Z = hypersurface_complement(X, x1)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    at products of (x1)

julia> is_open_embedding(Z, X)
true

is_closed_embedding(X::AbsAffineScheme, Y::AbsAffineScheme)

Checks whether $X$ is closed embedded in $Y$.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> Y = subscheme(X,ideal(R,[x1*x2]))
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1*x2)

julia> is_closed_embedding(Y, X)
true

julia> Z = hypersurface_complement(X, x1)
Spectrum
  of localization
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    at products of (x1)

julia> is_closed_embedding(Z, X)
false

is_empty(X::AbsAffineScheme)

Check whether the affine scheme $X$ is empty.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> isempty(X)
false

julia> is_empty(subscheme(X, one(OO(X))))
true

julia> isempty(EmptyScheme(QQ))
true

is_subscheme(X::AbsAffineScheme, Y::AbsAffineScheme)

Check whether $X$ is a subset of $Y$ based on the comparison of their coordinate rings. See inclusion_morphism(::AbsAffineScheme, ::AbsAffineScheme) for the corresponding morphism.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> R = OO(X)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
  over rational field

julia> (x1,x2,x3) = gens(R)
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> Y = subscheme(X,ideal(R,[x1*x2]))
Spectrum
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x1, x2, x3
      over rational field
    by ideal (x1*x2)

julia> is_subscheme(X, Y)
false

julia> is_subscheme(Y, X)
true

tangent_space(X::AbsAffineScheme{<:Field}, P::AbsAffineRationalPoint) -> AlgebraicSet

Return the Zariski tangent space of X at its rational point P.

See also tangent_space(P::AbsAffineRationalPoint{<:Field})

is_normal(X::AbsAffineScheme; check::Bool=true) -> Bool

Input:

• a reduced scheme $X$,
• if check is true, then confirm that $X$ is reduced; this is expensive.

Output:

Returns whether the scheme $X$ is normal.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = QQ[:x, :y, :z];

julia> X = spec(R);

julia> is_normal(X)
true

normalization(X::AbsAffineScheme) -> Vector{Tuple{AbsAffineScheme, AbsAffineSchemeMor}}

Return the normalization of the reduced affine scheme $X$.

Input:

• A reduced affine scheme $X$
• if check is true confirm that $X$ is reduced; this is expensive
• the keyword argument algorithm is passed on to normalization(::MPolyQuoRing)

Output:

A list of pairs $(Y_i, f_i)$ where $Y_i$ is a normal scheme and $f_i$ is a morphism from $Y_i$ to $X$. The disjoint union of the $Y_i$ is the normalization of $X$ and the $f_i$ are the restrictions of the normalization morphism to $Y_i$.

is_non_zero_divisor(f::RingElem, X::AbsAffineScheme)

Checks if a ring element is a non-zero divisor in the coordinate ring of an affine scheme.

Examples

julia> X = affine_space(QQ,3)
Affine space of dimension 3
  over rational field
with coordinates [x1, x2, x3]

julia> (x1, x2, x3) = gens(OO(X))
3-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x1
 x2
 x3

julia> is_non_zero_divisor(x1, X)
true

julia> is_non_zero_divisor(zero(OO(X)), X)
false