Localized Rings and Their Ideals

We recall the definition of localization. All rings considered are commutative, with multiplicative identity 1. Let $R$ be a ring, and let $U \subset R$ be a multiplicatively closed subset. That is,

\[1 \in U \;\text{ and }\; u, v \in U \;\Rightarrow \; u\cdot v \in U.\]

Consider the equivalence relation on $R\times U$ defined by setting

\[(r,u)\sim (r', u') \;\text{ iff }\; v(r u'-u r')=0 \;{\text{ for some }}\; v\in U.\]

Write $\frac{r}{u}$ for the equivalence class of $(r, u)$ and $R[U^{-1}]$ for the set of all equivalence classes. Mimicking the standard arithmetic for fractions, $R[U^{-1}]$ can be made into a ring. This ring is called the localization of $R$ at $U$. It comes equipped with the natural ring homomorphism

\[\iota : R\to R[U^{-1}],\; r \mapsto \frac{r}{1}.\]

Given an $R$-module $M$, the analogous construction yields an $R[U^{-1}]$-module $M[U^{-1}]$ which is called the localization of $M$ at $U$. See the section on modules.

Our focus in this section is on localizing both multivariate polynomial rings and quotients of multivariate polynomial rings by ideals. The starting point for this is to provide functionality for handling (several types of) multiplicatively closed subsets of multivariate polynomial rings. Given such a polynomial ring R and a multiplicatively closed subset U of R whose type is supported by OSCAR, entering localization(R, U) creates the localization, say, RL of R at U.

Given a quotient RQ of R by an ideal, with projection map p : R $\to$ RQ, and given a multiplicatively closed subset U of R, entering localization(RQ, U) creates the localization, say, RQL of RQ at p(U): Since every multiplicatively closed subset of RQ is of type p(U) for some U, there is no need to support an extra type for multiplicatively closed subsets of quotients.

Since localization commutes with passing to quotients by ideals, there is also no need to support an extra type for forming quotients of localized rings:

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, _ = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, _ = localization(RQ, U);

julia> RL, iota = localization(R, U);

julia> RLQ, _ = quo(RL, iota(I));

julia> typeof(RLQ) == typeof(RQL)
true

Note

Most functions described here rely on the computation of standard bases. Recall that OSCAR supports standard bases for multivariate polynomial rings over fields (exact fields supported by OSCAR) and for multivariate polynomial rings over the integers.

Types

The OSCAR types discussed in this section are all parametrized. To simplify the presentation, details on the parameters are omitted.

All types for multiplicatively closed subsets of rings belong to the abstract type AbsMultSet. For multiplicatively closed subsets of multivariate polynomial rings, there are the abstract subtype AbsMPolyMultSet and its concrete descendants

MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal, MPolyComplementOfPrimeIdeal, MPolyPowersOfElement, and
MPolyProductOfMultSets to model products of multiplicatively closed sets already given.

The general abstract type for localizations of rings is AbsLocalizedRing. For localizations of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyLocRing. For localizations of quotients of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyQuoLocRing.

Constructors

Multiplicatively Closed Subsets

In accordance with the above mentioned types, we have the following constructors for multiplicatively closed subsets of multivariate polynomial rings.

complement_of_point_ideal — Method

complement_of_point_ideal(R::MPolyRing, a::Vector)

Given a multivariate polynomial ring $R$ over a field $K$, say $R = K[x_1,\dots, x_n]$, and given a vector $a = (a_1, \dots, a_n)$ of $n$ elements of $K$, return the multiplicatively closed subset $R\setminus m$, where $m$ is the maximal ideal

\[m = \langle x_1-a_1,\dots, x_n-a_n\rangle \subset R.\]

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0 ,0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

source

complement_of_prime_ideal — Method

complement_of_prime_ideal(P::MPolyIdeal; check::Bool = true)

Given a prime ideal $P$ of a multivariate polynomial ring $R$, say, return the multiplicatively closed subset $R\setminus P.$

Note

If check is set to true (default), the function checks whether $P$ is indeed a prime ideal.

This may take some time.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P, check = false)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

source

powers_of_element — Method

powers_of_element(f::MPolyRingElem)

Given an element f of a multivariate polynomial ring R, say, return the multiplicatively closed subset of R which is formed by the powers of f.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> f = x
x

julia> U = powers_of_element(f)
Multiplicative subset
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ
  given by the products of [x]

source

product — Method

product(T::AbsMPolyMultSet, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

Return the product of the multiplicative subsets T and U.

Alternatively, write T*U.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> T = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0 ,0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> f = x
x

julia> U = powers_of_element(f)
Multiplicative subset
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ
  given by the products of [x]

julia> S = product(T, U)
Product of the multiplicative sets
  complement of maximal ideal of point (0, 0, 0)
  products of (x)

source

Localized Rings

localization — Method

localization(R::MPolyRing, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

Return the localization of R at U, together with the localization map.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> RL, iota = localization(R, U);

julia> RL
Localization
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x, y, z
    over rational field
  at complement of prime ideal (x)

julia> iota
Ring homomorphism
  from multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ
  to localization of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ at complement of prime ideal (x)
defined by
  x -> x
  y -> y
  z -> z

source

localization — Method

localization(RQ::MPolyQuoRing, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

Given a quotient RQ of a multivariate polynomial ring R with projection map p : R -> RQ, say, and given a multiplicatively closed subset U of R, return the localization of RQ at p(U), together with the localization map.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, _ = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, iota = localization(RQ, U);

julia> RQL
Localization
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (2*x^2 - y^3, 2*x^2 - y^5)
  at complement of maximal ideal of point (0, 0)

julia> iota
Map defined by a julia-function
  from quotient of multivariate polynomial ring by ideal (2*x^2 - y^3, 2*x^2 - y^5)
  to localization of RQ at complement of maximal ideal

source

Tests on Multiplicatively Closed Subsets

Being able to check membership in multiplicatively closed subsets is indispensable to our way of implementing localization:

in — Method

in(f::MPolyRingElem, U::AbsMPolyMultSet)

Return true if f is contained in U, false otherwise.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> S = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0 ,0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> y in S
false

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> T = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> y in T
true

julia> U = powers_of_element(x)
Multiplicative subset
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ
  given by the products of [x]

julia> x^3 in U
true

julia> (1+y)*x^2 in product(S, U)
true

source

Data associated to Localized Rings

If RL is the localization of a multivariate polynomial ring R at a multiplicatively closed subset U of R, then

base_ring(RL) refers to R, and
inverted_set(RL) to U.

If RQ is a quotient of a multivariate polynomial ring R, p : R $\to$ RQ is the projection map, U is a multiplicatively closed subset of R, and RQL is the localization of RQ at p(U), then

base_ring(RQL) refers to R, and
inverted_set(RQL) to U.

This reflects the way of creating localizations of quotients of multivariate polynomial rings in OSCAR.

Entering gens(RL) and gens(RQL), we get the images of the generators of R in RL and RQL, respectively. These images print as do the original generators.

Entering dim(RL) and dim(RQL), we get the respective Krull dimensions.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> RL, _ = localization(U);

julia> R === base_ring(RL)
true

julia> U === inverted_set(RL)
true

julia> dim(RL)
1

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, _ = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, _ = localization(RQ, U);

julia> R == base_ring(RQL)
true

julia> U == inverted_set(RQL)
true

julia> dim(RQL)
0

Furthermore, we have:

monomial_basis — Method

monomial_basis(RQL::MPolyQuoLocRing{<:Field, <:Any, <:Any, <:Any, <:MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal})

Given a localized ring $RQL$ of type $RQL = (R/I)_P$, where

$R$ is a multivariate polynomial ring over a field $K$, say $R = K[x_1,\dots, x_n]$,
$I$ is an ideal of $R$ such that $R/I$ is finite-dimensional as a $K$-vector space, and
$P$ is of type $P = \langle x_1-a_1,...,x_n-a_n\rangle$, with $a_1,\dots, a_n\in K$,

return a vector of monomials of $R$ such that the images of these monomials under the composition of the localization map with the projection map form a $K$-basis of $RQL$.

Note

The conditions on $RQL$ are automatically checked.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> f = (y-1)^3-(x)^2;

julia> g = (y-1)^5-(x)^2;

julia> I = ideal(R, [f, g]);  # tangential cusps at  [0, 1] and transversal
                              # intersections at [1, 2], [-1, 2], [1, i], [1, -i]

julia> RQ, _ = quo(R, I);

julia> monomial_basis(RQ)
10-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 x*y^2
 y^2
 x^3*y
 x^2*y
 x*y
 y
 x^3
 x^2
 x
 1

julia> P = [0, 1]
2-element Vector{Int64}:
 0
 1

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, P)
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 1)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQL, _ = localization(RQ, U);

julia> monomial_basis(RQL)
6-element Vector{MPolyLocRingElem{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem, MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem}}}:
 x*y^2
 y^2
 x*y
 y
 x
 1

julia> C = plane_curve(f);

julia> D = plane_curve(g);

julia> intersection_multiplicity(C, D, C(P))
6

julia> R, (x,y) = QQ["x","y"];

julia> f = (x^2-y^3)*(y-1);   # 3 singularities, a cusp and two nodes

julia> Tf = tjurina_algebra(f)
Quotient
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
    over rational field
  by ideal (x^2*y - x^2 - y^4 + y^3, 2*x*y - 2*x, x^2 - 4*y^3 + 3*y^2)

julia> monomial_basis(Tf)
4-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 y^2
 y
 x
 1

julia> TfL0,_ = localization(Tf, complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0,0]));

julia> monomial_basis(TfL0)
2-element Vector{MPolyLocRingElem{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem, MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem}}}:
 y
 1

julia> TfL1,_ = localization(Tf, complement_of_point_ideal(R, [1,1]));

julia> monomial_basis(TfL1)
1-element Vector{MPolyLocRingElem{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem, MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem}}}:
 1

julia> TfL2,_ = localization(Tf, complement_of_point_ideal(R, [-1,1]));

julia> monomial_basis(TfL2)
1-element Vector{MPolyLocRingElem{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem, MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem}}}:
 1

julia> vector_space_dimension(Tf) == vector_space_dimension(TfL0) + vector_space_dimension(TfL1) + vector_space_dimension(TfL2)
true

source

Elements of Localized Rings

Types

The general abstract type for elements of localized rings is AbsLocalizedRingElem. For elements of localizations of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyLocRingElem. For elements of localizations of quotients of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyQuoLocRingElem.

Creating Elements of Localized Rings

If RL is the localization of a multivariate polynomial ring R at a multiplicatively closed subset U of R, then elements of RL are created as (fractions of) images of elements of R under the localization map or by coercing (pairs of) elements of R into fractions.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z])
(Multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ, QQMPolyRingElem[x, y, z])

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> RL, iota = localization(U);

julia> iota(x)
x

julia> RL(x)
x

julia> f = iota(y)/iota(z)
y/z

julia> g = RL(y, z)
y/z

julia> X, Y, Z = RL.(gens(R));

julia> h = Y/Z
y/z

julia> f == g == h
true

julia> f+g
2*y/z

julia> f*g
y^2/z^2

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, p = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, iota = localization(RQ, U);

julia> phi = compose(p, iota);

julia> phi(x)
x

julia> RQL(x)
x

julia> f = phi(x)/phi(y-1)
x/(y - 1)

julia> g = RQL(x, y-1)
x/(y - 1)

julia> X, Y = gens(RQL);

julia> h = X/(Y-1)
x/(y - 1)

julia> f == g == h
true

julia> f+g
2*x/(y - 1)

julia> f*g
x^2/(y^2 - 2*y + 1)

Data Associated to Elements of Localized Rings

If RL is a localization of a multivariate polynomial ring R, and f is an element of RL, internally represented by a pair (r, u) of elements of R, then

parent(f) refers to RL,
numerator(f) to r, and
denominator(f) to u.

If RQL is a localization of a quotient RQ of a multivariate polynomial ring R, and f is an element of RQL, internally represented by a pair (r, u) of elements of R, then

parent(f) refers to RQL,
numerator(f) to the image of r in RQ, and
denominator(f) to the image of u in RQ.

Thus, the behavior of the functions numerator and denominator reflects the mathematical viewpoint of representing f by pairs of elements of RQ and not the internal representation of f as pairs of elements of R.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> RL, iota = localization(U);

julia> f = iota(x)/iota(y)
x/y

julia> parent(f)
Localization
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables x, y, z
    over rational field
  at complement of prime ideal (x)

julia> g = iota(y)/iota(z)
y/z

julia> r = numerator(f*g)
x

julia> u = denominator(f*g)
z

julia> typeof(r) == typeof(u) <: MPolyRingElem
true

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, p = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, iota = localization(RQ, U);

julia> phi = compose(p, iota);

julia> f = phi(x)
x

julia> parent(f)
Localization
  of quotient
    of multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables x, y
      over rational field
    by ideal (2*x^2 - y^3, 2*x^2 - y^5)
  at complement of maximal ideal of point (0, 0)

julia> g = f/phi(y-1)
x/(y - 1)

julia> r = numerator(f*g)
x^2

julia> u = denominator(f*g)
y - 1

julia> typeof(r) == typeof(u) <: MPolyQuoRingElem
true

Tests on Elements of Localized Rings

is_unit — Method

is_unit(f::MPolyLocRingElem)

Return true, if f is a unit of parent(f), false otherwise.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> P = ideal(R, [x])
Ideal generated by
  x

julia> U = complement_of_prime_ideal(P)
Complement
  of prime ideal (x)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ

julia> RL, iota = localization(U);

julia> is_unit(iota(x))
false

julia> is_unit(iota(y))
true

source

is_unit — Method

is_unit(f::MPolyQuoLocRingElem)

Return true, if f is a unit of parent(f), true otherwise.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [2*x^2-y^3, 2*x^2-y^5])
Ideal generated by
  2*x^2 - y^3
  2*x^2 - y^5

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0, 0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 2 variables over QQ

julia> RQ, p = quo(R, I);

julia> RQL, iota = localization(RQ, U);

julia> phi = compose(p, iota);

julia> is_unit(phi(x-1))
true

source

Homomorphisms from Localized Rings

The general abstract type for ring homomorphisms starting from localized rings is AbsLocalizedRingHom. For ring homomorphisms starting from localizations of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyLocalizedRingHom. For ring homomorphisms starting from quotients of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyQuoLocalizedRingHom. We describe the construction of such homomorphisms. Let

R be a multivariate polynomial ring,
U be a multiplicatively closed subset of R,
RQ = R/I be a quotient of R with projection map p : R $\to$ RQ,
RL (RQL) be the localization of R at U (of RQ at p(U)), and
S be another commutative ring with 1.

Then, to give a ring homomorphism PHI from RL to S (fromRQL to S) is the same as to give a ring homomorphism phi from R to S which sends elements of U to units in S (and elements of I to zero). That is, PHI is determined by composing it with the localization map R $\to$ RL (by composing it with the composition of the localization map RQ $\to$ RQL and the projection map R $\to$ RQ). The constructors below take this into account.

hom — Method

hom(RL::MPolyLocRing, S::Ring, phi::Map)

Given a localized ring RLof type MPolyLocRing, say RL is the localization of a multivariate polynomial ring R at the multiplicatively closed subset U of R, and given a homomorphism phi from R to S sending elements of U to units in S, return the homomorphism from RL to S whose composition with the localization map is phi.

hom(RL::MPolyLocRing, S::Ring, V::Vector)

Given a localized ring RL as above, and given a vector V of nvars elements of S, let phi be the homomorphism from R to S which is determined by the entries of V as the images of the generators of R. If phi satisfies the condition above, proceed as above.

hom(RQL::MPolyQuoLocRing, S::Ring, phi::Map)

Given a localized ring RQLof type MPolyQuoLocRing, say RQL is the localization of a quotient ring RQ of a multivariate polynomial ring R at the multiplicatively closed subset U of R, and given a homomorphism phi from R to S sending elements of U to units in S and elements of the modulus of RQ to zero, return the homomorphism from RQL to S whose composition with the localization map RQ -> RQL and the projection map R -> RQ is phi.

hom(RQL::MPolyQuoLocRing, S::Ring, V::Vector)

Given a localized ring RQLas above, and given a vector V of nvars elements of S, let phi be the homomorphism from R to S which is determined by the entries of V as the images of the generators of R. If phi satisfies the condition above, proceed as above.

Warning

Except from the case where the type of U is <: MPolyPowersOfElement, the condition on phi requiring that elements of U are send to units in S is not checked by the hom constructor.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [y-x^2, z-x^3]);

julia> RQ, p = quo(R, I);

julia> UR = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0, 0]);

julia> RQL, _ = localization(RQ, UR);

julia> T, (t,) =  polynomial_ring(QQ, [:t]);

julia> UT = complement_of_point_ideal(T, [0]);

julia> TL, _ =  localization(T, UT);

julia> PHI = hom(RQL, TL, TL.([t, t^2, t^3]))
Ring homomorphism
  from localization of RQ at complement of maximal ideal
  to localization of multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ at complement of maximal ideal of point (0)
defined by
  x -> t
  y -> t^2
  z -> t^3

julia> PSI = hom(TL, RQL, RQL.([x]))
Ring homomorphism
  from localization of multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ at complement of maximal ideal of point (0)
  to localization of RQ at complement of maximal ideal
defined by
  t -> x

julia> PHI(RQL(z))
t^3

julia> PSI(TL(t))
x

source

Given a ring homomorphism PHI from RL to S (from RQL to S), domain(PHI) and codomain(PHI) refer to RL and S (RQL and S), respectively. The corresponding homomorphism phi from R to S is recovered as follows:

restricted_map — Method

restricted_map(PHI::MPolyLocalizedRingHom)

restricted_map(PHI::MPolyQuoLocalizedRingHom)

Given a ring homomorphism PHI starting from a localized multivariate polynomial ring (a localized quotient of a multivariate polynomial ring), return the composition of PHI with the localization map (with the composition of the localization map and the projection map).

Examples

julia> R, (x, y, z) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y, :z]);

julia> I = ideal(R, [y-x^2, z-x^3]);

julia> RQ, p = quo(R, I);

julia> UR = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0, 0]);

julia> RQL, _ = localization(RQ, UR);

julia> T, (t,) =  polynomial_ring(QQ, [:t]);

julia> UT = complement_of_point_ideal(T, [0]);

julia> TL, _ =  localization(T, UT);

julia> PHI = hom(RQL, TL, TL.([t, t^2, t^3]));

julia> PSI = hom(TL, RQL, RQL.([x]));

julia> phi = restricted_map(PHI)
Ring homomorphism
  from multivariate polynomial ring in 3 variables over QQ
  to localization of multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ at complement of maximal ideal of point (0)
defined by
  x -> t
  y -> t^2
  z -> t^3

julia> psi = restricted_map(PSI)
Ring homomorphism
  from multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ
  to localization of RQ at complement of maximal ideal
defined by
  t -> x

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Ideals in Localized Rings

Types

The general abstract type for ideals in localized rings is AbsLocalizedIdeal. For ideals in localizations of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyLocalizedIdeal. For ideals in localizations of quotients of multivariate polynomial rings, there is the concrete subtype MPolyQuoLocalizedIdeal.

Constructors

Given a localization RL of a multivariate polynomial ring R, and given a vector V of elements of RL (of R), the ideal of RL generated by (the images) of the entries of V is created by entering ideal(RL, V).

The construction of ideals in localizations of quotients of multivariate polynomial rings is similar.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x, :y]);

julia> f = x^3+y^4
x^3 + y^4

julia> V = [derivative(f, i) for i=1:2]
2-element Vector{QQMPolyRingElem}:
 3*x^2
 4*y^3

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0, 0]);

julia> RL, _ = localization(R, U);

julia> MI = ideal(RL, V)
Ideal generated by
  3*x^2
  4*y^3

Data Associated to Ideals

If I is an ideal of a localized multivariate polynomial ring RL, then

base_ring(I) refers to RL,
gens(I) to the generators of I,
number_of_generators(I) / ngens(I) to the number of these generators, and
gen(I, k) as well as I[k] to the k-th such generator.

We also have:

minimal_generating_set — Method

minimal_generating_set(I::MPolyLocalizedIdeal{<:MPolyLocRing{<:Field, <:FieldElem, <:MPolyRing, <:MPolyRingElem, <:MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal}})

Given an ideal $I$ in a localized ring $RL$ of type $RL = R_P$, where

$R$ is a multivariate polynomial ring over a field $K$, say $R = K[x_1,\dots, x_n]$, and
$P$ is of type $P = \langle x_1-a_1,...,x_n-a_n\rangle$, with $a_1,\dots, a_n\in K$,

return a vector containing a minimal set of generators of I.

If I is the zero ideal, then an empty list is returned.

Examples

julia> R, (x, y) = QQ[:x, :y];

julia> RL, _ = localization(R, complement_of_point_ideal(R, [1, 2]));

julia> I = ideal(RL, [x-1, y-2])^2
Ideal generated by
  x^2 - 2*x + 1
  x*y - 2*x - y + 2
  x*y - 2*x - y + 2
  y^2 - 4*y + 4

julia> minimal_generating_set(I)
3-element Vector{MPolyLocRingElem{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem, MPolyComplementOfKPointIdeal{QQField, QQFieldElem, QQMPolyRing, QQMPolyRingElem}}}:
 y^2 - 4*y + 4
 x*y - 2*x - y + 2
 x^2 - 2*x + 1

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Retrieving data as above works similarly if I is an ideal of a localized quotient of a multivariate polynomial ring RQL.

Operations on Ideals

If I, J are ideals of a localized multivariate polynomial ring RL, then

I^k refers to the k-th power of I,
I+J, I*J, and intersect(I, J) to the sum, product, and intersection of I and J,
I:J / quotient(I, J) to the ideal quotient of I by J, and
saturation(I) as well as saturation_with_index(I) to the saturation of I by J.

With respect to the decomposition of ideals, we have

radical(I),
minimal_primes(I), and
primary_decomposition(I).

Similarly, if I and J are ideals of a localized quotient of a multivariate polynomial ring.

Tests on Ideals

The usual tests f in I / ideal_membership(f, I), issubset(I, J), I == J, and is_prime(I) are available.

Saturation

If $RL$ is the localization of a multivariate polynomial ring $R$ at a multiplicative subset $U$ of $R$, then the ideal theory of $RL$ is a simplified version of the ideal theory of $R$ (see, for instance, [Eis95]). In particular, each ideal $I$ of $RL$ is the extension $J\cdot RL$ of an ideal $J$ of $R$. The ideal

\[\{f\in R \mid uf\in J \text{ for some } u\in U\}\]

is independent of the choice of $J$ and is the largest ideal of $R$ which extends to $I$. It is, thus, the contraction of $I$ to $R$, that is, the preimage of $I$ under the localization map. We call this ideal the saturation of $I$ over $R$. In OSCAR, it is obtained by entering saturated_ideal(I).

If $RQL$ is the localization of a quotient $RQ$ of a multivariate polynomial ring $R$, and $I$ is an ideal of $RQL$, then the return value of saturated_ideal(I) is the preimage of the saturation of $I$ over $RQ$ under the projection map $R \to RQ$ (and not the saturation of $I$ over $RQ$ itself).

saturated_ideal — Method

saturated_ideal(I::MPolyLocalizedIdeal)

Given an ideal I of a localization, say, RL of a multivariate polynomial ring, say, R, return the saturation of I over R. That is, return the largest ideal of R whose extension to RL is I. This is the preimage of I under the localization map.

saturated_ideal(I::MPolyQuoLocalizedIdeal)

Given an ideal I of a localization, say, RQL of a quotient, say, RQ of a multivariate polynomial ring, say, R, return the preimage of the saturation of I over RQ under the projection map R -> RQ.

Examples

julia> R, (x,) = polynomial_ring(QQ, [:x]);

julia> U = powers_of_element(x)
Multiplicative subset
  of multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ
  given by the products of [x]

julia> RL, _ = localization(R, U);

julia> I = ideal(RL, [x+x^2])
Ideal generated by
  x^2 + x

julia> SI = saturated_ideal(I)
Ideal generated by
  x + 1

julia> base_ring(SI)
Multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable x
  over rational field

julia> U = complement_of_point_ideal(R, [0])
Complement
  of maximal ideal corresponding to rational point with coordinates (0)
  in multivariate polynomial ring in 1 variable over QQ

julia> RL, _ = localization(R, U);

julia> I = ideal(RL, [x+x^2])
Ideal generated by
  x^2 + x

julia> saturated_ideal(I)
Ideal generated by
  x

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